De tambura

Tambura_sculpture_Arun

Het belangrijkste begeleidingsinstrument van India – ook bekend als tanpura – sierde de salons van vorsten, kooplieden en courtisanes lang voordat het ruim een eeuw geleden zijn intocht deed in het openbare concertleven. Zijn huidige vorm, meestal met vier snaren, is sinds de zeventiende eeuw bekend. Het verenigt in zich kenmerken van de Indiase citer (vina of bin) met die van de langhals-luit. Van gelijkvormige instrumenten uit aangrenzende regio’s onderscheidt het zich zowel door haar functie als door de wijze van bespelen: waarschijnlijk al vanaf de dertiende eeuw gebruiken Indiase musici namelijk de grondtoon ‘Sa’. Deze wordt vrij gekozen overeenkomstig de stem van de zanger of het stemregister van het solo-instrument. Als steuntoon (bourdon) vormt hij het uitgangspunt voor melodische vormen, die men als raga (kleurschakering) aanduidt. Een rijke schat van zeer uiteenlopende raga’s maakt het zowel componisten als musici mogelijk elke denkbare stemming (rasa) uit de drukken

Tekst: Ludwig Pesch, vertaald door Mieke Beumer | Art: Arun VC

Luister naar de klank van deze tambura, bespeeld door Ludwig Pesch
Tanjore-style Carnatic tambura.JPG
Photo © Martin Spaink Wikimedia

Deutsch | English | oor_spel >>

find publications by Ludwig Pesch on worldcat.org

His publications include a critically acclaimed reference work, The Oxford Illustrated Companion to South Indian Classical Music (“the most thorough study of Carnatic music” according to historian of religions and musicologist Guy L. Beck), and articles for journals and exhibition catalogues. Find his publications on www.worldcat.org >>

Thinking and learning in South Indian Music” in: Cslovjecsek, Markus, and Madeleine Zulauf. Integrated Music Education: Challenges of Teaching and Teacher Training, 2018.

Raum für Ideen? Zeit zum Spiel! Zum Sinn eines unbefangeneren Umgangs mit der ‘klassischen’ Musik Indiens” in: Schmidt-Hahn, Claudia. Über Europa Hinaus – Indiens Kultur Und Philosophie: Disputationes 2015, 2016.

Serenading the World: The Music of the Santals” in: Beltz, Johannes, Marie-Ève Celio-Scheurer, and Ruchira Ghose. Cadence and Counterpoint: Documenting Santal Musical Traditions, 2015.

Eine kleine Weltmusik: Die Musik der Santal” in: Beltz, Johannes. Klangkörper: Saiteninstrumente Aus Indien. Zürich: Museum Rietberg, 2014.

Musik und Tanz in der indischen Mythologie” in: Wiegand, Hermann, and Arnd A. Both. Musik Welten. Heidelberg: Verlag Regionalkultur, 2011. 

Pesch, Ludwig. The Oxford Illustrated Companion to South Indian Classical Music. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2009 [2nd rev. ed.]. 

Article on South Indian music (in Dutch) in: Preludium: Concertgebouw-nieuws [uitgave ter gelegenheid van het India Festival in november 2008 ]. Amsterdam: Blikman & Sartorius, 1943.

Entries on South Indian composers in: Wolpert, Stanley A. Encyclopedia of India. Detroit: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2006. 

Arun, V.C, and Ludwig Pesch. Vaitari: A Musical Picture Book from Kerala. Kerala: Natanakairali, 2006. 

Pesch, Ludwig. Vaitari: Ein Musikalisches Bilderbuch Aus Kerala. Amsterdam: Eka.grata publications, 2006. 

Pesch, Ludwig. A Theatre for All: Sittrarangam-the Small Theatre Madras. Amsterdam: Eka grata publications, 2002 [2nd rev. ed.]. 

Pesch, Ludwig. “Cosmic Order, Cosmic Play: An Indian Approach to Rhythmic Diversity” in: Rhythm, a Dance in Time ( “Ritme, dans van de tijd”). Amsterdam: Tropenmuseum, 2001. 

Pesch, Ludwig. The Illustrated Companion to South Indian Classical Music. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999 [1st ed.]. 

Pesch, Ludwig, and TR SundaresanEloquent Percussion: A Guide to South Indian Rhythm, with Descriptions of All the Major Karnatic Tālas and Practical Lessons for Self-Study. Amsterdam: Eka.grata publications, 1996. 

Pesch, Ludwig. Vom Klang Des Glücks: Ein Leitfaden Zur Konzert-, Tanz Und Tempelmusik Südindiens. Amsterdam: Eka.grata publications, 1996. 

Pesch, Ludwig. Ragadhana: An Alpha-Numberical Directory of Ragas. Irinjalakuda, Trichur District, Kerala, India: Natana Kairali, 1993 [2nd rev. ed. ]. 

Pesch, Ludwig. Sittrarangam: A Theatre for All, the “small Theatre“, Madras. Udipi, India: Indo-German Society, Manipal, 1988 [1st ed.]. 

Pesch, Ludwig. Raga Dhana: A Practical Guide to Karnatic Ragas. Udupi: Indo-German Society Manipal, 1986 [1st ed.]. 

See also “Unity in Diversity, Antiquity in Contemporary Practice? South Indian Music Reconsidered – Free download” >>

+ Museum Rietberg >>

Voice culture and singing in intercultural perspective

Full screen viewing link: https://archive.org/details/voice-culture-and-singing-kalakshetra-quarterly-1983

Voice Culture and Singing by Friedrich Brueckner-Rueggeberg

Peter Calatin (left) and Friedrich Brueckner-Rueggeberg (centre) with students at
Kalakshetra in 1983 © Ludwig Pesch

This course material was originally produced for – and used by – teachers and students at Kalakshetra College of Fine Arts, today known as Rukmini Devi College Of Fine Arts | Learn more >>

“What unites Indians is a love for songs” by linguist Ganesh Devy

Mahatma Gandhi stamp set | Mahatma Gandhi and music >>

It should not be an exaggeration if one claims that in terms of the average citizen’s ability to recall a large number of songs and to hum them in however terrible a voice, India probably tops the world chart.

When I was three or four years old, my father brought home a radio set. This was six decades ago. It was among the few radiograms that the village had by then, a proud possession for us and quite a public spectacle for the neighbours.[…]

Six decades later, I still recall with great clarity the sweet melodies I heard coming through the first radio programme I ever heard. Over these decades, I have been listening to the radio, almost entirely for the musical part of its broadcast. Of course, it was not the radio alone that brought songs to me. They came from older members of the family who used to hum while carrying out activities at home. They came to one during festivals and weddings and during ceremonies associated with welcoming new arrivals in the family. They came from wandering mendicants, bullock-cart drivers, farmers engrossed in sowing fields, women gathered to make pickles and spices, katha and kirtan performers and the sweetest among them came from mothers trying to put babies to sleep.

Later, much later, when I was in my thirties, I started working with adivasis in western India. Whenever our discussion revolved round their identity, they invariably alluded to the traditions of songs they had. By then, I had read plenty of Marx, Gandhi, Ambedkar and Lohia, and I liked to imagine that adivasis would want to speak in agony about the injustice that the ‘system’ had caused them. To my surprise, they were not as much articulate about things political as they were about things cultural. Through my years of work with them, I have met individuals who can go on singing the entire Mahabharata. The Bhils living on the border of Rajasthan and Gujarat have several epics of their own: the singers took immense pride in rendering the entire opus, without missing out a single syllable. I also came across members of the Bharthari community from central Indian forest states who could render, just for the asking, an entire saga of a legendary king. A friend of mine from the Banjara community once told me that the Banjaras have a poetic genre called ‘lehngi’. When I suggested that he should pen them down if he remembered any of the compositions, he said that he could recall close to 6,000 ‘lehngis’. I was not stunned by his claim because previously I had heard from a friend from the Nayak community that he knew more than 9,000 songs. And this one had a great voice. I still recall how mesmerized I was when he sang for a few hours, one song after another. […]

Source: “What unites Indians is a love for songs” by Ganesh [G.N.] Devy (The Telegraph, 1 November 2019)
URL: https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-musical-legacy-of-kabir-mira-nanak-tukaram-akka-mahadevi-what-unites-indians-is-a-love-for-songs/cid/1716091
Date Visited: 14 July 2022

Very few people know that Gandhi was extremely fond of Music and arts. Most of us have been all along under the impression that he was against all arts such as music. In fact, he was a great lover of music, though his philosophy of music was different. In his own words ‘Music does not proceed from the throat alone. There is music of mind, of the senses and of the heart.’ […]

According to Mahatma ‘In true music there is no place for communal differences and hostility.’ Music was a great example of national integration because only there we see Hindu and Muslim musicians sitting together and partaking in musical concerts. He often said, ‘We shall consider music in a narrow sense to mean the ability to sing and play an instrument well, but, in its wider sense, true music is created only when life is attuned to a single tune and a single time beat. Music is born only where the strings of the heart are not out of tune.’

Source: “Mahatma Gandhi – A unique musician” by Namrata Mishra (Sr. Asst. Prof of Vocal Music, R.C.A. Girls P. G. College, Mathura
URL: https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/mahatma-gandhi-unique-musician.html
Date Visited: 17 July 2022

Worldcat lists compiled by Ludwig Pesch

Carnatic (South Indian classical) music 

Rabindranath Tagore: works by and about the influential writer, humanist and social reformer

Indian performing arts

History 

Publications, book chapters and articles by Ludwig Pesch

Indien – eine ferne Heimat

Ein Referat von Ludwig Pesch, Musikologe und Flötist, Amsterdam

Überarbeitete Version mit aktualisierten Quellenangaben 2022

Ein Beitrag aus der Konzert- und Kolloquiumsreihe „Musik & Mensch“ – Zyklus 2007/2008 HEIMAT, Uhr Pädagogische Hochschule FHNW, Aarau (Schweiz)

Wir sollen heiter Raum um Raum durchschreiten,
An keinem wie an einer Heimat hängen,
Der Weltgeist will nicht fesseln uns und engen,
Er will uns Stuf‘ um Stufe heben, weiten.

„Stufen“ von Hermann Hesse (4. Mai 1941)
Ein Gedicht, das für viele vertraut klingt: Deutschlandfunk Kultur >>

Reconciliation
Text und Musik: Manickam Yogeswaran

On rights, peace and reconciliation.
And peaceful co-existence.
Rights, Peace and Reconciliation
Tamils, Sinhalese, Muslims
Everybody living with dignity
That’s the true meaning of Rights.
Celebrate each others’ rights
That’s the true meaning of Peace.
Race, language, caste, difference
Living in harmony.
Agnus dei, qui tollis pecatur mundi,
Miserere domini.
O Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world, have mercy upon us.
Speaking:
So, it’s been possible to talk peace. Indeed, live in peace.
There is an alternative to war and destruction. Everyone remember these three words.
They may not be religious mottos, but important for the future of Sri Lanka.
Important for the future of this unfair world.
Rights, Peace and Reconciliation.

Gathe Gathe para gathe paragadhi
Gathe Bodhi swaha.
Gone gone all gone beyond
Gone into Buddha nature.
This is the first preaching of Buddha after his enlightenment under the Bodhi tree.

More audio and video contents by Manickam Yogeswaram >>

Idakka P. Nanda Kumar belongs to the Marar community of hereditary temple musicians whose members have played the Idakka for several centuries. As Mridangam exponent with advanced training under Palghat T. R. Rajamani – son of the legendary Palghat Mani Iyer – he incorporates complex Carnatic patterns in his Idakka performances. Video © P.V. Jayan and Ludwig Pesch (2009) | For more information, visit https://www.nandakumar.mimemo.net